Limitations of ISO26262 in addressing nonlinear dynamics in highly automated driving systems

Abstract

Ensuring the functional safety of highly automated driving (HAD) systems introduces challenges that extend beyond the scope of existing standards. ISO26262, the leading framework for automotive electrical and electronic (E/E) systems, rests on assumptions of determinism, linearity, and modular fault containment. However, HAD systems inherently exhibit emergent phenomena, bifurcations, sensitivity to initial conditions, nonlinear dynamics, and temporal instability. These characteristics undermine the predictability and modular reasoning that ISO26262 depends on, rendering traditional safety analysis methods such as FMEA, FTA, and V&V insufficient. This study explores the fundamental limitations of ISO26262 when applied to nonlinear dynamic systems. By drawing on concepts from low-dimensional attractor analysis and chaos theory, it demonstrates how small perturbations, even in the absence of component failures, can lead to significant and unpredictable system-level risks. The findings highlight an urgent need to rethink safety frameworks to better address the dynamic and emergent behavior of HAD systems.