Understanding female hormones: a guide to their complexity and everyday impact

Abstract

Hormones are critical regulators of numerous physiological processes in women, influencing reproduction, metabolism, mood, and stress response. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of key hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, emphasizing their roles beyond reproductive health. Oestrogen supports bone density, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function, while progesterone aids in pregnancy preparation and mood regulation. Testosterone, though present in smaller amounts in women, contributes to muscle mass and libido. The paper also explores hormonal changes during menopause, highlighting symptoms such as hot flashes and increased risks of osteoporosis, and considers hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as a management option.