http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/37836 2026-07-26T02:29:10Z 2026-07-26T02:29:10Z Bayoumi Hamuda, Hosam E.A.F. Rab Gáborné Seress, Katalin Emese http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/37934 2026-03-25T06:02:32Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Role of soil biology in life: achievements and challenges Bayoumi Hamuda, Hosam E.A.F.; Rab Gáborné Seress, Katalin Emese Bayoumi Hamuda, Prof. Dr. Hosam Soil plays a vital role in sustaining life on the Earth. It is a non-renewable dynamic natural resource that is essential to life. Soil is a critical component of nearly every ecosystem provides a home for organisms. Soil biota plays an integral role in soil ecosystems by decomposing leaves, downed logs, and animals, and providing the primary nutrient source for vegetation. Soil biota includes both flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Soil flora includes organisms as small as diatoms and algae up to the size of tree roots. An important member of soil flora is mycorrhizae, fungi that form a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with plant roots. Most plants contain roots infected with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizae enhance water and nutrient absorption by increasing root surface area and accelerate mineral weathering which releases nutrients to the soil Water movement; water quality, land use, and vegetation productivity all have relationships with soil. Nearly all of the food that humans consume, except for what is harvested from marine environments, is grown in the Earth's soils. Other obvious functions that soils provide humans include fiber for paper and clothing, fuel-wood production, and foundations for roads and buildings. Less obvious functions that soils serve are providing a medium to attenuate pollutants and excess water, groundwater recharge, nutrient cycling, and habitat for microorganisms and biota. Soils have many secondary uses such as ingredients in confectionaries, insecticides, inks, paints, makeup, and medicines; uses of clays range from drilling muds, pottery, and artwork, to providing glossy finishes on various paper products. This study introduces many important soil concepts including development, classification, properties (physical, chemical, and biological), quality, and conservation. A general understanding of soil concepts and these interwoven relationships is essential to making sound land management decisions. Soil acts as the basis of the ecosystem foundation, as soil productivity determines what an ecosystem will look like in terms of the plant and animal life it can support. For example, in forest ecosystems, soils can determine species composition, timber productivity, and wildlife habitat, richness, and diversity. The role soil plays in forests is critical to maintaining water quality and long-term site productivity. In cultivated fields, soil quality plays a significant role in crop productivity since soil nutrients and soil physical properties can directly impact yields Collectively, soil biota carries out enzymatic and physical processes that decompose organic matter, build soil humus, and make nutrients available for plants. Decomposition is one of the most critical roles that soil biota play in an ecosystem. Without efficient decomposition, organic material would accumulate on the soil surface and nutrients would be bound within the material. Decomposition is initiated immediately when a leaf, twig, or fruit hits the ground. Once on the ground surface, biota begins to physically break down the material, creating more surface area to which flora can adhere.

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z Adejumoke, Adebayo Raimot http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/37933 2026-03-25T06:02:32Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Biodiversity and conservation Adejumoke, Adebayo Raimot Bayoumi Hamuda, Prof. Dr. Hosam This paper looked into biodiversity and conservation. The need to achieve substantial and improvement in any country is by integrating biodiversity and creating awareness on conservation into national policy for sustainable economic development and national transformation. The presentation involved meaning of biodiversity, types of biological variety, threat to Biodiversity in Nigeria, meaning of Conservation, groups of conservation, Need or Reasons for Conservation, Methods of conserving wildlife, water, forest, soil, air, mineral resources, Importance or Benefit of Conservation of Natural Resources, Benefits of water resources conservation, Benefits of Forest, soil, air and mineral resources conservation. Ways of ensuring the conservation of Natural Resources, Examples of agencies for conservation , Some game reserves in Nigeria Problems and Difficulties Associated with Conservation, Some major challenges to Conservation Practices in Nigeria. Several recommended were made among which is that government should ratify the remaining convention and treaties in biodiversity conservation, the implementation of the millennium development goal with emphasis on poverty reduction which will reverse the degradation of the environment water and sanitation. Also, government should create more awareness on benefit of conservation, and sponsor teachers on attending seminar , conference and workshop on conservation

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z Gyarmati, Ádám Bayoumi Hamuda, Hosam E.A.F. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/37924 2026-03-25T06:02:24Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Effects of different pesticides on the activity of some enzymes in the rhizosphere of brown forest soil Gyarmati, Ádám; Bayoumi Hamuda, Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda, Prof. Dr. Hosam Pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, zoocides, etc.) include all substances that reduce the harmful effects, or destroy pests that damage agricultural products or endanger humans in some way. Soil microbiotas produce countless enzymes, some of which can be induced or inhibited by certain chemical substances. Pesticides are made up of active ingredients, carriers and auxiliary substances. During their development, it is necessary to ensure that the active substance, which is the carrier of the biological activity, breaks down into biologically ineffective decomposition products after exerting the desired effect and does not have a harmful effect on the activity of the enzymes. In the present study, the pesticides used are: two herbicides (Ro-neet 6E, vernolat), two fungicides (fundazol 50 WP, Dithane M-45) and two zoocides (rogor L-40, phosphotion). Doses used during the study: (control; 1/2X, X (active ingredient: dose used in field) and 2X) of the active ingredient of each plant protection agent. After four weeks, the treated samples were analyzed in a controlled environment at 28°C and 45% soil moisture. The results showed the effect of different pesticides on the experiment, based on which it can be concluded that the order of toxicity was as follows: Dithane M-45 > vernolate > fundazol 50 WP > phosphotion > Ro-neet 6E > rogor L-40. The use of a double dose reduced the enzyme activity compared to the control. The use of the lowest concentration of pesticides showed a stimulating effect on the activity of the enzymes. Finally, it can be concluded that the used pesticides influenced the biological parameters of the examined brown forest soil in several ways, and these effects change the quality of the soil from different aspects. The plant protection agents used during the test must be chosen in such a way that they do not have a harmful effect on the biological functions of the soil. By analyzing the research, substances that have a positive or neutral effect on the biological functions of the soil can be used in agricultural practice.

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z Bayoumi Hamuda, Hosam E.A.F. H. El-Fallah, Fatma Berecz, Márta Szeder, András Ménesi, András Kaszás, Júlia http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/37920 2026-03-25T06:02:22Z 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z

Efficacy of disposal wastewater sludge as "clean" fertilizer Bayoumi Hamuda, Hosam E.A.F.; H. El-Fallah, Fatma; Berecz, Márta; Szeder, András; Ménesi, András; Kaszás, Júlia Bayoumi Hamuda, Prof. Dr. Hosam Extensive areas of irrigated soils are unproductive, due to the accumulation of salts in the soil profile occupied by root systems. It is estimated that about 15% of the total land area of the world has been degraded by salinization and soil erosion, which are among the major causes of desertification. The expected increase in the world’s population (~10 billion by 2050) needs food productivity to step up within a few decades. Organic fertilization is highly sustainable when compared to other options to date when taken into consideration as a solution to the highlighted issues. It is possible to use biological soil properties for evaluating the effects of organic matter application on soil characteristics. Different approaches have been suggested to solve these issues of soil destruction. This study focuses on selected organic materials (e.g., different agro-industrial by products, and composts) as effective tools to improve different soil properties of soils. However, further experimental investigations are needed to validate this approach in a wider range of soils, also combining waste recycling with other sustainable agronomic practices. The same amendments could likely be considered for soil remediation in the affected areas due to their high organic matter content. In fact, organic matter has several beneficial effects on agricultural fields, such as the slow release of nutrients, soil structure improvement, and the protection of soils against erosion. Selected studies were focusing on the effects of application of various organic matters (i.e., different organic waste materials, mixture of green waste compost) to two soils. In particular, such effects can be referred to chemical, biological, and physical soil properties. The observed results offer powerful evidence on the potential of organic fertilizers in improving soil properties. Such results showed the improving soil structure, increasing different enzyme activities and soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus and increasing soluble and Exchangeable-K + . Urease activity was increased by more than 150% in the mixed treatment, compared to the control. The incorporation of organic manure into the soil significantly increased soil phosphatase activity and soil respiration rate. 15 g·kg−1 of compost significantly improved soil physical-chemical properties, especially C and N contents. Enzyme activities were substantially promoted in presence of both amendments. However, there is no clarity whether organic matter, composts of organic wastes are as plant-friendly as the manure-based composts are believed to be. It is also not clear as to whether the action of green compost as a fertilizer depends on the species of plants being fertilized by it. This raises questions whether green organic composts are beneficial (or harmful) at all application rates or if there is a duality in their action which is a function of their level of application. The study reveals that, in general, organic matter composts of all are highly potent fertilizers.

2022-01-01T00:00:00Z