http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/33943 2026-07-21T07:04:47Z 2026-07-21T07:04:47Z Dörnyei, Otília Tégla, Zsolt http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/32327 2025-09-23T06:48:12Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

Cluster Analysis of the "Trustworthy Product" Criteria, in the FMCG Sector - Aspects of the Hungarian Product Remuneration System in the FMCG Sector Dörnyei, Otília; Tégla, Zsolt The focus of this research is that a new reward system will be introduced for the evaluation of FMCG products, to be marketed in Hungary. Similar to the previously used Superbrands and MagyarBrands product awards, a new system is being developed called “Reliable Product”. From a research point of view, the awarding of the Reliable Product award is conditional upon the development of a set of metrics that are acceptable to all, and which will allow a clear decision on the criteria for the award. This requires, however, a thorough understanding of the public's perception of the criteria by which an FMCG product is considered reliable. The results of the study will be used for the development of a reliability award scheme in Hungary, the main criterion for the award of which, is a survey of consumer opinions. The main objective of this research was to understand the relationship between the 22 FMCG categories observed and their reliability. The importance of reliability was assessed using a Likert Scale from 1 to 5. Hierarchical clustering was chosen, because this method segments the variables, rather than the cases. In our case, product categories serve as a kind of variable, since we had 22 such categories. In our secondary research, we reviewed literature from other directions, for example, on consumer behavior and branding. Much of the literature describes brand equity in terms of value for money and does not explore reliability in depth. Therefore, in our primary research, we conducted an online representative survey with a large sample size (n=600) with the aim of gaining deeper insights into the opinions of the Hungarian population for the 22 most important FMCG product categories. The concept of trustworthiness is described in different ways by marketers, with the general approach being that products (brands, where relevant) are considered trustworthy if they meet the expectations of a majority of consumers, whether in terms of quality, functionality or other aspects, such as, value for money. Reliability is often expressed in terms of a consumers' willingness to repurchase a product or their confidence in recommending it to others.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Zia, Tayyaba Bangfan, Liu Lukács, Eszter Khan, Muhammad Usman Hossain, Md Billal http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/32324 2025-09-23T06:47:13Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Role of Leisure Satisfaction on Students' Engagement, among Higher Education Institutes during the COVID-19 Pandemic Zia, Tayyaba; Bangfan, Liu; Lukács, Eszter; Khan, Muhammad Usman; Hossain, Md Billal This study was conducted in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the role of leisure satisfaction on student engagement, during the period of COVID- 19 in higher education institutes. The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of COVID-19 on students' leisure, emotional, cognitive and behavioral engagement. This study is based on three scales: the Leisure satisfaction scale, the student engagement scale and the fear of COVID-19 pandemic scale. This is a quantitative study based on a questionnaire. The results have been drawn over SmartPLS version 4.0. Covid-19 harms Leisure satisfaction, and it also harms the emotional engagement of students. Leisure satisfaction has a positive impact on student engagement, but it has a weak negative relationship with fear of Covid-19. The fear of the COVID-19 pandemic, negatively impacts the students' leisure satisfaction and leads to increased anxiety and depression.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Kruja, Iris Irimia-Diéguez, Ana I. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/32323 2025-09-23T06:46:56Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

A Systematic Review of the Start-Up Financing Research from 2010 to 2023 Kruja, Iris; Irimia-Diéguez, Ana I. This paper presents a systematic review of start-ups financing research from 2010 to 2023, analyzing trends, methodologies, and findings across the field. Our work highlights the significance of start-ups in driving economic growth and innovation, while addressing the challenges they face in securing financing. Through a detailed search strategy and analysis of selected studies, the study shows preferences for empirical data and statistical analysis, with a broad geographical scope and varied financing methods. The paper proposes a conceptual model to explain how startup-specific characteristics, entrepreneur attributes, macroeconomic factors, and financing sources interact to influence financing decisions. The review also identifies gaps in current research and suggests future directions, particularly in areas related to technology-based financing, green funding, and cross- regional comparative studies.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z Kulcsar, Edina Éva Veres, Edit Garai-Fodor, Mónika http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14044/32321 2025-09-22T13:08:25Z 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Impact of Corporate Sustainability Performance on Firm Value Can the ESG Performance Improve the Firm’s Value? Kulcsar, Edina Éva; Veres, Edit; Garai-Fodor, Mónika The responsibility of companies to reduce the harmful effects of climate change is evident. This research aims to investigate the impact of corporate sustainability performance on corporate fi-nancial performance and firms’ value of 47 listed pharmaceutical companies. Corporate sustain-ability performance was expressed by Sustaianalitics’s ESG Risk Ratings and their dimensions. The analysis of the relationship between sustainability and financial performance is based on the fi-nancial statements of listed pharmaceutical companies with the greatest market capitalization and available ESG risk rating between 2021-2022. The corporate financial performance has been ex-pressed in accounting measures by profitability ratios (ROA, ROE), and the firm's value was computed with Tobin's Q. The analysis was carried out with correlation analysis and linear re-gression using the R statistics system. Based on the coefficient of determination, there is a weak relationship between ESG dimensions and financial performance (OpROA) and strong relationship between ESG Risk ratings, capital structure, and investigated firms’ performance.

2024-01-01T00:00:00Z